Which of the following is NOT a form of spatial reference used in independent orientation?

The correct answer is "Chronocentric," as it is not a recognized form of spatial reference used in independent orientation. In the context of orientation strategies, spatial references guide individuals in understanding their position in relation to their environment and other objects.

Egocentric reference involves understanding the space in relation to oneself. For example, a person uses egocentric reference when they describe directions based on their current location. Topocentric reference refers to how an individual perceives their surroundings in relation to significant landmarks or features in their immediate environment. Lastly, cartographic reference involves using maps and visual symbols to relate to the geographical layout of spaces.

Chronocentric, on the other hand, relates to time and temporal orientation rather than spatial orientation. It focuses on how people perceive events and experiences over time rather than their position within a physical space. As such, this term does not apply to the forms of spatial reference, making it the correct choice for this question.